China’s economic development record over the past few decades has been remarkable. Both scholarly research and popular commentary have noted the nation’s meteoric rise as a powerful new economic competitor. In the main, it is argued that Chinese development has turned on the nation’s huge market and low costs, especially in manufacturing. But more recent commentators note China’s rapidly rising rate of human capital production, particularly its huge and growing production of scientists and engineers, alongside rising investments in its universities and academic infrastructure and its growing ability to conduct research and development and attract the R&D affiliates of foreign multinationals. But few if any analyses have focused on the regional underpinnings of Chinese development and none to our knowledge has focused on regional differences in the production and use of human capital or talent.